A systematic review on the bioremediation of metal contaminated soils using biochar and slag: current status and future outlook.

Heavy metals contaminated soils are posing severe threats to food safety worldwide. Heavy metals absorbed by plant roots from contaminated soils lead to severe plant development issues and a reduction in crop yield and growth. The global population is growing, and the demand for food is increasing. Therefore, it is critical to identify soil remediation strategies that are efficient, economical, and environment friendly. The use of biochar and slag as passivators represents a promising approach among various physicochemical and biological strategies due to their efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and low environmental impact. These passivators employ diverse mechanisms to reduce the bioavailability of metals in contaminated soils, thereby improving crop growth and productivity. Although studies have shown the effectiveness of different passivators, further research is needed globally as this field is still in its early stages. This review sheds light on the innovative utilization of biochar and slag as sustainable strategies for heavy metal remediation, emphasizing their novelty and potential for practical applications. Based on the findings, research gaps have been identified and future research directions proposed to enable the full potential of passivators to be utilized effectively and efficiently under controlled and field conditions.

Autonomous Bionanorobots via a Cage-Shaped Silsesquioxane Vehicle for In Vivo Heavy Metal Detoxification.

Nanorobots hold great promise for integrated drug delivery systems that are responsive to molecular triggers. Herein, we successfully developed an automatic smart bionanorobot that has transport capability and recognizes and removes zinc ions from poisoned cells based on nanoscale polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane molecules. This intelligent bionanorobot can easily move inside and outside the cell and find zinc ions owing to its highly selective recognition to zinc ions and high cell permeability, especially the well-combined high penetration and strong binding energy. More importantly, it was also found that this intelligent bionanorobot can restore round HeLa cells to a normal fusiform cell morphology following high-concentration zinc treatment and does not interfere with cell proliferation and division. It was also shown by in vivo experiments that the bionanorobot can inhibit persistent enlargement of the liver caused by zinc ion poisoning.

Review on the Use of Heavy Metal Deposits from Water Treatment Waste towards Catalytic Chemical Syntheses.

The toxicity and persistence of heavy metals has become a serious problem for humans. These heavy metals accumulate mainly in wastewater from various industries' discharged effluents. The recent trends in research are now focused not only on the removal efficiency of toxic metal particles, but also on their effective reuse as catalysts. This review discusses the types of heavy metals obtained from wastewater and their recovery through commonly practiced physico-chemical pathways. In addition, it covers the advantages of the new system for capturing heavy metals from wastewater, as compared to older conventional technologies. The discussion also includes the various structural aspects of trapping systems and their hypothesized mechanistic approaches to immobilization and further rejuvenation of catalysts. Finally, it concludes with the challenges and future prospects of this research to help protect the ecosystem.

Determination of Metallic Impurities by ICP-MS Technique in Eyeshadows Purchased in Poland. Part I.

Eye shadows, which are products willingly and frequently used by women and even children, have been reported in literature to contain toxic metals. In this work, a total of 94 eye shadows samples available on the Polish market were collected. Eye shadow products have been selected in order to include several parameters important from the point of view of the typical consumer such as: product type (mat/pearl), consumer group (for adults and children), price range (very cheap, medium price, expensive and very expensive), color (twelve different colors were tested), manufacturer (eight brands were investigated) or country of production (four countries were included). The concentration of selected metals (Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sr, Tl) was determined by ICP-MS technique after the sample extraction with a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave closed system. For Ag, Cd and Tl, some results were below the established limit of quantification for the employed technique. The presence of strontium, barium, lead and bismuth was confirmed in all studied samples. The obtained results for analyzed elements were, in general, quite comparable with the data reported by other authors. A small number of samples exceeding the permissible values (two samples were beyond the limit value for Cd of 0.5 mg/kg and one exceed the acceptable concentration for Pb of 10 mg/kg) also proves a relatively good condition of the Polish cosmetics market and suggests insubstantial risk for the potential consumers. The results gathered for some of the eye shadows intended for children turned out to be alarmingly high, in particular for elements such as Cd. The highest concentration of Cd reached almost 4 mg/kg, while of Pb amounted to 16 mg/kg. The presence of the statistically significant differences was confirmed for all included parameters with an exception of the color of the eye shadow. Considering the results acquired only for Cd and Pb with respect to the country of origin, the least contaminated cosmetics by metallic impurities seem to be the one produced in Canada, while the ones presenting the highest health risk among all studied eye shadows are make-up cosmetics originating from Poland and Italy. Multivariate analysis of a large data set using CA methods and PCA provided valuable information on dependencies between variables and objects.

The Application of 2,6-Bis(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Diaminopyridine in Solvent Extraction and Polymer Membrane Separation for the Recovery of Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II) and Pt(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions.

The work describes the results of the first application of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine (L) for the recovery of noble metal ions (Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), Pt(II)) from aqueous solutions using two different separation processes: dynamic (classic solvent extraction) and static (polymer membranes). The stability constants of the complexes formed by the L with noble metal ions were determined using the spectrophotometry method. The results of the performed experiments clearly show that 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine is an excellent extractant, as the recovery was over 99% for all studied noble metal ions. The efficiency of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine as a carrier in polymer membranes after 24 h of sorption was lower; the percentage of metal ions removal from the solutions (%Rs) decreased in following order: Ag(I) (94.89%) > Au(III) (63.46%) > Pt(II) (38.99%) > Pd(II) (23.82%). The results of the desorption processes carried out showed that the highest percentage of recovery was observed for gold and silver ions (over 96%) after 48 h. The results presented in this study indicate the potential practical applicability of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine in the solvent extraction and polymer membrane separation of noble metal ions from aqueous solutions (e.g., obtained as a result of WEEE leaching or industrial wastewater).

Microbiome of highly polluted coal mine drainage from Onyeama, Nigeria, and its potential for sequestrating toxic heavy metals.

Drains from coal mines remain a worrisome point-source of toxic metal/metalloid pollutions to the surface- and ground-waters worldwide, requiring sustainable remediation strategies. Understanding the microbial community subtleties through microbiome and geochemical data can provide valuable information on the problem. Furthermore, the autochthonous microorganisms offer a potential means to remediate such contamination. The drains from Onyeama coal mine in Nigeria contained characteristic sulphates (313.0 ± 15.9 mg l-1), carbonate (253.0 ± 22.4 mg l-1), and nitrate (86.6 ± 41.0 mg l-1), having extreme tendencies to enrich receiving environments with extremely high pollution load index (3110 ± 942) for toxic metals/metalloid. The drains exerted severe degree of toxic metals/metalloid contamination (Degree of contamination: 3,400,000 ± 240,000) and consequent astronomically high ecological risks in the order: Lead > Cadmium > Arsenic > Nickel > Cobalt > Iron > Chromium. The microbiome of the drains revealed the dominance of Proteobacteria (50.8%) and Bacteroidetes (18.9%) among the bacterial community, whereas Ascomycota (60.8%) and Ciliophora (12.6%) dominated the eukaryotic community. A consortium of 7 autochthonous bacterial taxa exhibited excellent urease activities (≥ 253 µmol urea min-1) with subsequent stemming of acidic pH to > 8.2 and sequestration of toxic metals (approx. 100% efficiency) as precipitates (15.6 ± 0.92 mg ml-1). The drain is a point source for metals/metalloid pollution, and its bioremediation is achievable with the bacteria consortium.

Three-dimensional macroscopic aminosilylated nanocellulose aerogels as sustainable bio-adsorbents for the effective removal of heavy metal ions.

Designing an environmentally benign bio-adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous medium was a sustainable strategy to ensure water safety. Herein, three-dimensional macroscopic aminosilyated nanocellulose aerogels (APTMS-modified TO-NFC) for the removal of heavy metal ions in water were successfully synthesized from bamboo-derived TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TO-NFC) and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMs) via a facile freeze-drying process. Owing to a relatively high BET surface area (129.32 m2 g-1), high porosity (99.14%) as well as high substitution degree of amino groups (0.41), the resulting APTMS-modified TO-NFC aerogel exhibited good adsorption capacity of 99.0, 124.5, and 242.1 mg g-1 for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+, respectively. Furthermore, the crosslinked and three-dimensionally porous architecture imparted it with relatively high compression strength, good excellent stability in water, and ease of recyclability from water after the usage. The pH value of the solution had a great influence on adsorption efficiency of the aerogel adsorbent, and optimal adsorption efficiency could be achieved at pH 3-7. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption process. This work provides a facile method for preparing sustainable bio-adsorbent for effective heavy metal ions removal from aqueous medium.

A mesoporous melamine/chitosan/activated carbon biocomposite: Preparation, characterization and its application for Ni (II) uptake via ion imprinting.

A novel imprinted biocomposite and its non-imprinted form were developed by melaminating and crosslinking of chitosan coated onto a bio-based activated carbon and characterized using FTIR, BET, FESEM-EDS and XRD. Nickel, 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride, and glutaraldehyde were used as a template, converter of hydroxyl and amine groups to good leaving groups, and cross-linker, respectively. The factors affecting adsorptivity and imprinting factor were optimized by using the Taguchi method for the subsequent comparative adsorptivity, kinetics, isotherms, selectivity, and reusability studies of imprinted biocomposite with its non-imprinted one. The pseudo-first-order and Langmuir models were best fitted to the experimental kinetics and equilibrium isotherm data, respectively. The maximum Ni (II)) adsorptivity of 109.86 mg/g, the imprinting factor (I·F) of 5.45 and Ni (II) selectivity coefficients values of 3.13, 4.48, 3.72, 2.51 for Ni (II) toward Zn (II), Cd (II), Cu (II) and Pb (II), respectively, were obtained at optimum conditions. After five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, the biocomposites still presented a high adsorptivity (>83%), indicating their excellent reusability.

Biosorbents from Plant Fibers of Hemp and Flax for Metal Removal: Comparison of Their Biosorption Properties.

Lignocellulosic fibers extracted from plants are considered an interesting raw material for environmentally friendly products with multiple applications. This work investigated the feasibility of using hemp- and flax-based materials in the form of felts as biosorbents for the removal of metals present in aqueous solutions. Biosorption of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn from a single solution by the two lignocellulosic-based felts was examined using a batch mode. The parameters studied were initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. In controlled conditions, the results showed that: (i) the flax-based felt had higher biosorption capacities with respect to the metals studied than the hemp-based felt; (ii) the highest removal efficiency was always obtained for Cu ions, and the following order of Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni > Co > Al > Mn was found for both examined biosorbents; (iii) the process was rapid and 10 min were sufficient to attain the equilibrium; (iv) the efficiency improved with the increase of the adsorbent dosage; and (v) the biosorption capacities were independent of pH between 4 and 6. Based on the obtained results, it can be considered that plant-based felts are new, efficient materials for metal removal.

Highly-Efficient Sulfonated UiO-66(Zr) Optical Fiber for Rapid Detection of Trace Levels of Pb2.

Lead detection for biological environments, aqueous resources, and medicinal compounds, rely mainly on either utilizing bulky lab equipment such as ICP-OES or ready-made sensors, which are based on colorimetry with some limitations including selectivity and low interference. Remote, rapid and efficient detection of heavy metals in aqueous solutions at ppm and sub-ppm levels have faced significant challenges that requires novel compounds with such ability. Here, a UiO-66(Zr) metal-organic framework (MOF) functionalized with SO3H group (SO3H-UiO-66(Zr)) is deposited on the end-face of an optical fiber to detect lead cations (Pb2+) in water at 25.2, 43.5 and 64.0 ppm levels. The SO3H-UiO-66(Zr) system provides a Fabry-Perot sensor by which the lead ions are detected rapidly (milliseconds) at 25.2 ppm aqueous solution reflecting in the wavelength shifts in interference spectrum. The proposed removal mechanism is based on the adsorption of [Pb(OH2)6]2+ in water on SO3H-UiO-66(Zr) due to a strong affinity between functionalized MOF and lead. This is the first work that advances a multi-purpose optical fiber-coated functional MOF as an on-site remote chemical sensor for rapid detection of lead cations at extremely low concentrations in an aqueous system.

Advances in aptamer screening and aptasensors' detection of heavy metal ions.

Heavy metal pollution has become more and more serious with industrial development and resource exploitation. Because heavy metal ions are difficult to be biodegraded, they accumulate in the human body and cause serious threat to human health. However, the conventional methods to detect heavy metal ions are more strictly to the requirements by detection equipment, sample pretreatment, experimental environment, etc. Aptasensor has the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity and simple preparation to detect small molecules, which provides a new direction platform in the detection of heavy metal ions. This paper reviews the selection of aptamers as target for heavy metal ions since the 21th century and aptasensors application for detection of heavy metal ions that were reported in the past five years. Firstly, the selection methods for aptamers with high specificity and high affinity are introduced. Construction methods and research progress on sensor based aptamers as recognition element are also introduced systematically. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of aptasensors in detecting heavy metal ions are discussed.

Thiomers of Chitosan and Cellulose: Effective Biosorbents for Detection, Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions from Aqueous Medium.

Removal of toxic metal ions using adsorbents is a well-known strategy for water treatment. While chitosan and cellulose can adsorb weakly some types of metals, incorporating thiols as metal chelating agents can improve their sorption behaviors significantly. Presented in this review are the various chemical modification strategies applicable for thiolation of chitosan and cellulose in the forms of mercaptans, xanthates and dithiocarbamates. Moreover, much attention has been paid to the specific strategies for controlling the thiolation degree and characterization approaches for establishing the structure-property relationship. Also, the kinetics and isotherm models that elucidate the adsorption processes and mechanisms induced by the thiomers have been explained. These thiomers have found great potentials in the applications associated with metal removal, metal recovery and metal detection.

A novel dispersive magnetic solid phase microextraction using ionic liquid-coated amino silanized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite for high efficient separation/preconcentration of toxic ions from shellfish samples.

A novel dispersive magnetic solid phase microextraction (d-MSPE) method using ionic liquid-coated amino silanized magnetic graphene oxide (MGO@SiO2-APTES-IL) as adsorbent has been established for enriching and extracting lead(II), copper(II) and cadmium(II) in shellfish samples. The novel nanocomposite was proved synthesized successfully by various characterization technologies. Parameters that could affect the recoveries of target ions were investigated and optimized focusing on adsorption and desorption using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). The limits of detection (LODs) for three target heavy metal ions were 2.42, 3.36, 3.75 ng L-1, respectively. Additionally, the maximum adsorption capacities of the nanocomposite for target ions were 251.23, 138.51, 159.31 mg g-1 at 298 K, respectively, the nanoadsorbent can be regenerated without significant adsorption capacities loss for four times. These observations revealed that the novel nanocomposite can be used as an excellent adsorbent for separation and preconcentration of the target ions.

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes for the remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: The mechanism of the ultrasonic desorption.

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes were investigated for the removal of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in real contaminated soils using HCl and EDTA. The ultrasound-assisted soil washing (US/Mixing) process was compared with the conventional soil washing (Mixing) process based on the mechanical mixing. High removal efficiency (44.8% for HCl and 43.2% for EDTA) for the metals was obtained for the most extreme conditions (HCl 1.0 M or EDTA 0.1 M and L:S = 10:1) in the Mixing process. With the aide of ultrasound, higher removal efficiency (57.9% for HCl and 50.0% for EDTA) was obtained in the same extreme conditions and similar or higher removal efficiency (e.g., 54.7% for HCl 0.5 M and L:S = 10:1 and 50.5% for EDTA 0.05 M and L:S = 5:1) was achieved even in less extreme conditions (lower HCl or EDTA concentration and L:S ratio). Therefore, it was revealed that the US/Mixing was advantageous over the conventional Mixing processes in terms of metal removal efficiency, consumption of chemicals, amount of generated washing leachate, and volume/size of washing reactor. In addition, the heavy metals removal was enhanced for the smaller soil particles in the US/Mixing process. It was due to more violent movement of smaller particles in slurry phase and more violent sonophysical effects. In order to understand the mechanism of ultrasonic desorption, the desorption test was conducted using the paint-coated beads with three sizes (1, 2, and 4 mm) for the free and attached conditions. It was found that no significant desorption/removal of paint from the beads was observed without the movement of beads in the water including floatation, collision, and scrubbing. Thus, it was suggested that the simultaneous application of the ultrasound and mechanical mixing could enhance the physical movement of the particles significantly and the very high removal/desorption could be attained.

Kirkendall Effect Boosts Phosphorylated nZVI for Efficient Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment.

Removal of non-biodegradable heavy metals has been the top priority in wastewater treatment and the development of green technologies remains a significant challenge. We demonstrate that phosphorylated nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is promising for removal of heavy metals (NiII , CuII , CrVI , HgII ) via a boosted Kirkendall effect. Phosphorylation confines tensile hoop stress on the nZVI particles and "breaks" the structurally dense spherical nZVI to produce numerous radial nanocracks. Exemplified by NiII removal, the radial nanocracks favor the facile inward diffusion of NiII and the rapid outward transport of electrons and ferrous ions through the oxide shell for surface (NiII /electron) and boundary (NiII /Fe0 ) galvanic exchange. Accompanied by a pronounced hollowing phenomenon, phosphorylated nZVI can instantly reduce and immobilize NiII throughout the oxide shell with a high capacity (258 mg Ni g-1 Fe). For real electroplating factory wastewater treatment, this novel nZVI performs simultaneous NiII and CuII removal, producing effluent of stable quality that meets local discharge regulations.

Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Contaminated Soil Treated with Biochar Using the Sequential Extraction Procedure.

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity represents a global problem depending on the soil environment's geochemical forms. Biochar addition safely reduces HMs mobile forms, thus, reducing their toxicity to plants. While several studies have shown that biochar could significantly stabilize HMs in contaminated soils, the study of the relationship of soil properties to potential mechanisms still needs further clarification; hence the importance of assessing a naturally contaminated soil amended, in this case with Paulownia biochar (PB) and Bamboo biochar (BB) to fractionate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu using short sequential fractionation plans. The relationship of soil pH and organic matter and its effect on the redistribution of these metals were estimated. The results indicated that the acid-soluble metals decreased while the fraction bound to organic matter increased compared to untreated pots. The increase in the organic matter metal-bound was mostly at the expense of the decrease in the acid extractable and Fe/Mn bound ones. The highest application of PB increased the organically bound fraction of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (62, 61, 34, and 61%, respectively), while the BB increased them (61, 49, 42, and 22%, respectively) over the control. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn oxides bound represents the large portion associated with zinc and copper. Concerning soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH, as potential tools to reduce the risk of the target metals, a significant positive correlation was observed with acid-soluble extractable metal, while a negative correlation was obtained with organic matter-bound metal. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the total variance represents 89.7% for the TCPL-extractable and HMs forms and their relation to pH and SOM, which confirms the positive effect of the pH and SOM under PB and BB treatments on reducing the risk of the studied metals. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals and their geochemical forms widely varied according to pH, soil organic matter, biochar types, and application rates. As an environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar emphasizes its importance as a tool that makes the soil more suitable for safe cultivation in the short term and its long-term sustainability. This study proves that it reduces the mobility of HMs, their environmental risks and contributes to food safety. It also confirms that performing more controlled experiments, such as a pot, is a disciplined and effective way to assess the suitability of different types of biochar as soil modifications to restore HMs contaminated soil via controlling the mobilization of these minerals.

Mesoporous knitted inverse vulcanised polymers.

Elemental sulfur is generated in large quantities when crude oil is refined. This elemental sulfur has limited use other than the production of sulfuric acid. Recently, the development of 'inverse vulcanised' polymers has attracted the attention of researchers. These polymers are formed from elemental sulfur and a small molecule alkene. The affinity of sulfur for heavy metals gives these polymers potential for specific adsorption; however, there is a lack of incorporation of high specific surface areas in pure polymers. Herein, we report the first mesoporous polymer generated using inverse vulcanised polymers, with a BET surface area of 236.04 m2 g-1. We explore the properties of polymers as an absorption medium for potent neurotoxin Hg(ii).

Toxic metal phytoextraction potential and health-risk parameters of some cultivated plants when grown in metal-contaminated river sediment of Danube, near an industrial town.

Toxic metal phytoextraction potential of some higher plants, the white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and also two cultivated plants, as green pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Rajnai törpe), radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Szentesi óriás vaj), was studied in a field experiment, along the river Danube in close vicinity of an industrial town, Dunaújváros, Hungary. Soil/sediment and the various plant organs (leaves, stems and roots) were assessed for the contamination with some potentially toxic elements (PTE), such as the cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). It was found that Cd and Ni concentration was below, while the Cu and Zn elements were above the Hungarian permissible limits in each of the studied soil/sediment samples. Bioconcentration factor (BAF) was less than 1 in the shoot biomass of test plant samples and followed the order of Cu > Zn > Cd and Ni. Phytoremediation potential of selected test plants was found to be rather limited. The translocation factor (TF) was more than 1 for Cu and Zn elements, at each test plants. Cadmium was translocated into the leaves in case of the radish, only. Considering of the potential human daily intake of metals (DIM), it was less than 1 both for the adults and for the children. Health risk index (HRI) values of children, however, were higher than 1 for the Cd in case of radish, and for Zn and Cu in case of the pea. Results suggest that consumption of these plants grown in gardens of contaminated sediments can result in some risks for citizens in the industrial town of Dunaújváros. Further studies are required to identify appropriate plants with greater toxic metal phytoextraction potential.

Microbial Sensing and Removal of Heavy Metals: Bioelectrochemical Detection and Removal of Chromium(VI) and Cadmium(II).

The presence of inorganic pollutants such as Cadmium(II) and Chromium(VI) could destroy our environment and ecosystem. To overcome this problem, much attention was directed to microbial technology, whereas some microorganisms could resist the toxic effects and decrease pollutants concentration while the microbial viability is sustained. Therefore, we built up a complementary strategy to study the biofilm formation of isolated strains under the stress of heavy metals. As target resistive organisms, Rhizobium-MAP7 and Rhodotorula ALT72 were identified. However, Pontoea agglumerans strains were exploited as the susceptible organism to the heavy metal exposure. Among the methods of sensing and analysis, bioelectrochemical measurements showed the most effective tools to study the susceptibility and resistivity to the heavy metals. The tested Rhizobium strain showed higher ability of removal of heavy metals and more resistive to metals ions since its cell viability was not strongly inhibited by the toxic metal ions over various concentrations. On the other hand, electrochemically active biofilm exhibited higher bioelectrochemical signals in presence of heavy metals ions. So by using the two strains, especially Rhizobium-MAP7, the detection and removal of heavy metals Cr(VI) and Cd(II) is highly supported and recommended.

Tentacle-type poly(hydroxamic acid)-modified macroporous cellulose beads: Synthesis, characterization, and application for heavy metal ions adsorption.

Herein, a facile yet efficient template method to fabricate macroporous cellulose beads (MCBs) is reported. In this method, micro-size CaCO3 is utilized to create macroporous structure for fast mass transfer, and tentacle-type poly(hydroxamic acid) as adsorption ligand is immobilized on the MCBs to improve adsorption capacity. The obtained tentacle-type poly(hydroxamic acid)-modified MCMs (TP-CMCBs) show uniform spherical shape (about 80 µm), bimodal pore system (macropores≈3.0 µm; diffusional pores≈14.5 nm), and high specific surface area (52.7 m2/g). The adsorption performance of TP-CMCBs is evaluated by heavy metal ions adsorption. TP-CMCBs exhibit not only high adsorption capacities (342.5, 261.5 and 243.2 mg/g for Cu2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+, respectively.), but also fast adsorption rate (>70% of its equilibrium uptake within 30 min). Additionally, TP-CMCBs have excellent reusability, as evidenced by that the adsorption capacities have no obvious change even after five-time consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. All results demonstrate that the proposed TP-CMCBs have great potential in removal of heavy metal ions.